Morphological alterations caused by manual venom extraction on the main venom gland of Bothrops asper and Crotalus simus snakes (Serpentes: Viperidae): Long-term implications for antivenom production.

The only scientifically validated treatment for snakebite envenomation is the administration of antivenoms. For their production, small quantities of snake venom are injected in animals to elicit a specific antibody response. Snakes are kept in captivity, and their venom is regularly extracted to assure antivenom access. It has already been reported that the pressure exerted upon the venom gland during this extraction can cause tissue damage and fibrosis, leading to a decrease in the venom yield. We described the histopathology of venom glands for B. asper and C. simus snakes used for antivenom production. Based on these reported tissue abnormalities, we quantify the tissue injury by a generated damage-SCORE and fibrosis. A variety of histopathological damages were found such as fibrosis, edema, necrosis, hemorrhage, and formation of anomalous structures, especially in C. simus, which is more prone to suffer severe damage. The level and severity of the damage depend on the frequency and the number of venom extractions. Furthermore, we design an experimental intensive venom extraction scheme with which we could confirm the causality of these effects. In addition to the histopathological damages, the LD50 and biochemical venom composition were also affected giving experimental evidence that the venom extraction not only causes tissue damage but also affects the composition stability and toxicity of the venom. In order to produce quality and effective antivenoms, an improvement of the management of snake collections could be established, such as rotation groups to assure the quality of the venom yielded.

Peribiliary gland damage due to liver transplantation involves peribiliary vascular plexus and vascular endothelial growth factor.

Extrahepatic bile ducts are characterized by the presence of peribiliary glands (PBGs), which represent stem cell niches implicated in biliary regeneration. Orthotopic liver transplantation may be complicated by non-anastomotic strictures (NAS) of the bile ducts, which have been associated with ischemic injury of PBGs and occur more frequently in livers obtained from donors after circulatory death than in those from brain-dead donors. The aims of the present study were to investigate the PBG phenotype in bile ducts after transplantation, the integrity of the peribiliary vascular plexus (PVP) around PBGs, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) by PBGs. Transplanted ducts obtained from patients who underwent liver transplantation were studied (N=62). Controls included explanted bile duct samples not used for transplantation (N=10) with normal histology. Samples were processed for histology, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Surface epithelium is severely injured in transplanted ducts; PBGs are diffusely damaged, particularly in ducts obtained from circulatory-dead compared to brain-dead donors. PVP is reduced in transplanted compared to controls. PBGs in transplanted ducts contain more numerous progenitor and proliferating cells compared to controls, show higher positivity for VEGF-A compared to controls, and express VEGF receptor-2. In conclusion, PBGs and associated PVP are damaged in transplanted extrahepatic bile ducts; however, an activation of the PBG niche takes place and is characterized by proliferation and VEGF-A expression. This response could have a relevant role in reconstituting biliary epithelium and vascular plexus and could be implicated in the genesis of non-anastomotic strictures.

Linfoma MALT pulmonar asociado a un síndrome de Sjögren / No disponible

El síndrome de Sjögren es una enfermedad autoinmune y sistémica que afecta a las glándulas exocrinas, principalmente a las salivales y lacrimales. En el pulmón, las alteraciones más frecuentes son las enfermedades intersticiales. A nuestras consultas acude una mujer de 77 años diagnosticada de síndrome de Sjögren, que refiere tos seca de dos meses de evolución. Se realiza TACAR torácico, en el que se evidencia una imagen pseudonodular en lóbulo inferior derecho, y una fibrobroncoscopia, con resultados anatomopatológicos no concluyentes. Finalmente, por progresión radiológica se decide hacer biopsia quirúrgica, diagnosticándose un linfoma MALT pulmonar. El riesgo de desarrollar linfomas en pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren es muy elevado, con mayor incidencia del linfoma no Hodgkin. El linfoma MALT es un subtipo común de linfoma no Hodgkin, su localización pulmonar es muy infrecuente y su supervivencia a largo plazo es alta

Sjögren’s syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease that concerns the exocrine glands in particular lachrymal and salivary. In the lung the most frequent alterations are the interstitial diseases. A 77-year-old woman diagnosed of Sjögren’s syndrome came to our consultations complaining of dry cough of two months. A CT scan was practiced in which there was a pseudonodular image in de right lower lobe, and also a fibrobronchoscopy with inconclusive anatomic pathology results. Because of radiological progression a surgical biopsy was practiced being diagnosed of pulmonary MALT lymphoma. Patients with Sjögren’s syndrome have a higher risk to develop non-Hodking lymphomas. The MALT lymphoma is a common subtype of non-Hodking lymphomas but pulmonary location is rare and patients have longer survival rates

Frecuencia de la mutación F508 en pacientes venezolanos afectados con fibrosis quística / Frecuency of F508 mutation in venezuelan patients with cystic fibrosis

La fibrosis quística (FQ), es la enfermedad autosómica recesiva severa más frecuente en poblaciones caucásicas, en las que tiene una inicidencia de 1/2500 individuos. Se caracteriza por una alteración generalizada de las glándulas exocrinas y es producida por más de mil mutaciones de un gen localizado en la región 7q31, que codifica una proteína llamada regulador de la conductancia transmembrana de FQ (RCTFQ). La mutación más frecuente es la F508, que consiste en la deleción del codón que codifica a la fenilalanina en la posición 508. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de la mutación F508 en pacientes venezolanos afectados con FQ mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RCP). Se estudiaron 30 pacientes pertenecientes a 28 familias, que por clínica y 2 determinaciones de cloruros en sudor > 60 meq/L fueron diagnósticados como afectados con FQ. La detección de la mutación se realizó a partir de amplificación por RCP de un segmento del gen de FQ de 98 pares de bases (pb) que contiene el codón que codifica a la fenilalanina en la posición 508 y el cual está ausente en los que tienen la mutación. La frecuencia del alelo F508 fue de 26,79 por ciento, distribuídos en 6 hemocigotos F508 y 7 heterocigotos compuestos F508/X. El resto de las mutaciones, no F508, representaron el 73,21 por ciento. La frecuencia del alelo F508 en esta muestra es menor a la reportada en países europeos. En América Latina se ha observado una gran heterogeneidad en su frecuencia, esta variación podría explicarse por los diferentes patrones de mestizaje dados por migración externa y de las alteraciones moleculares de FQ que existen en la población que analice. En este trabajo, la mutación F508 proviene de abuelos en su mayoría (79,41 por ciento) nacidos en países mediterráneos y en Colombia y en las no F508, los abuelos son nacidos preferentemente en Venezuela (79,27 por ciento) y Colombia (17,07 por ciento)